Rescue workers in Spain continued to search for more victims after deadly floods, as questions were raised about how one of the world’s most developed nations failed to respond adequately to an extreme storm.
Torrential rains that began at the start of the week sparked flooding that has left at least 95 people dead, the deadliest such disaster in the western European country since 1973.
Defence minister Margarita Robles told Cadena Ser radio station that a military unit specialised in rescue operations would on Thursday start combing through the mud and debris with sniffer dogs in the worst-hit areas.
Asked if the number of victims was likely to increase, she said: “Unfortunately we are not optimistic”. The teams have brought with them 50 mobile morgues.
More heavy rain was predicted for the hardest-hit eastern Valencia region and other areas on the north-east coast on Thursday.
Some residents have appealed for news of their missing loved ones via social media, television and radio broadcasts.
Leonardo Enrique told RTVE that his family had searched for hours for his 40-year-old son, Leonardo Enrique Rivera, who was driving a delivery van when the rain began.
His son sent a message saying his van was flooding and that he had been hit by another vehicle near Ribarroja, an industrial town in Valencia, Enrique said.
National weather agency AEMET launched a red alert for Valencia region on Tuesday morning and conditions deteriorated throughout the day.
But it was only in the early evening that the regional body in charge of coordinating the emergency services was set up.
And an alert sent by the civil protection service urging residents in the Mediterranean coastal city of Valencia not to leave home was issued after 8pm.
For many, it was already too late. Motorists began journeys only to find themselves trapped on roads and left at the mercy of raging torrents of water.
“They raised the alarm when the water was already here, there’s no need to tell me the flood is coming,” fumed Julian Ormeno, a 66-year-old pensioner in the Valencia city suburb of Sedavi.
“Nobody came to take responsibility,” he told AFP.
With weather forecasters issuing warnings beforehand, such tragedies are “entirely avoidable” if people can be kept away from surging flood water, said Hannah Cloke, hydrology professor at the University of Reading.
The devastating outcome suggests Valencia’s warning system failed, she said. “People just don’t know what to do when faced with a flood, or when they hear warnings.”
“People shouldn’t be dying from these kinds of forecasted weather events in countries where they have the resources to do better,” added Liz Stephens, a professor in climate risks and resilience at the University of Reading.
“We have a long way to go to prepare for this kind of event, and worse, in future.”
Tuesday’s floods were Spain’s worst since 1996, when 87 people died after torrential rain hit a campsite in the Pyrenees mountains. Europe’s most recent catastrophic floods came in July 2021, killing 243 people in Germany, Belgium, Romania, Italy and Austria.
The intense rain has been attributed to a phenomenon known as the gota fría, or “cold drop”, which occurs when cold air moves over the warm waters of the Mediterranean. This creates atmospheric instability, causing warm, saturated air to rise rapidly, leading to heavy rain and thunderstorms.
Experts say the warming of the Mediterranean, which increases water evaporation, plays a key role in making torrential rains more severe.
The events “are yet another wake-up call that our climate is changing rapidly”, according to Hayley Fowler, professor of climate change impacts at Britain’s Newcastle University.
“Our infrastructure is not designed to deal with these levels of flooding,” she added, saying “record-shatteringly hot” warmer sea temperatures fuel storms that dump extreme levels of rain in one place.
Scientists warn that extreme weather events are becoming more intense, last longer and occur more frequently as a result of human-induced climate change.
But in some cases, even the best-prepared warning systems can be caught off guard, analysts said.
Such extreme weather “can overwhelm the ability of existing defences and contingency plans to cope, even in a relatively wealthy country like Spain”, said Leslie Mabon, senior lecturer in environmental systems at Britain’s Open University.
“The floods in Spain are a timely reminder that no country is exempt from the risks of climate change.”
For Linda Speight, a lecturer at the School of Geography and the Environment at the University of Oxford, warnings for intense thunderstorms are “incredibly hard to issue” as the exact location of the heaviest rainfall is usually unknown in advance.
“We urgently need to adapt our cities to be more resilient to floods,” she added, suggesting making space for water to flow through urban environments without causing damage.
“We take preparation for other hazards such as earthquakes and tsunami very seriously,” added Jess Neumann, associate professor of hydrology, at the University of Reading.
“It is time we afforded the same to flood risk preparedness.”
Government minister Angel Victor Torres declined to answer directly when asked about the potential delay in sending alerts to the population.
Agence France-Presse, Reuters and Associated Press contributed to this report