Benedict, M. A., McMahon, E. T. & Fund, M. A. T. C. Green Infrastructure: Linking Landscapes and Communities. (Island Press, 2012).
Browder, G., Ozment, S., Rehberger Bescos, I., Gartner, T. & Lange, G.-M. Integrating Green and Gray: Creating Next Generation Infrastructure. https://doi.org/10.46830/wrirpt.18.00028. (World Resource Institute, 2019).
Folke, C. Resilience: the emergence of a perspective for social–ecological systems analyses. Glob. Environ. Change 16, 253–267 (2006).
Partelow, S. A review of the social-ecological systems framework: applications, methods, modifications, and challenges. Ecol. Soc. 23 (2018).
Matsler, A. M., Meerow, S., Mell, I. C. & Pavao-Zuckerman, M. A. A ‘green’ chameleon: exploring the many disciplinary definitions, goals, and forms of “green infrastructure”. Landsc. Urban Plan. 214, 104145 (2021).
Cassin, J. History and development of nature-based solutions: concepts and practice. in Nature-Based Solutions and Water Security 19–34 (Elsevier, 2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819871-1.00018-X.
Seddon, N., Turner, B., Berry, P., Chausson, A. & Girardin, C. A. J. Grounding nature-based climate solutions in sound biodiversity science. Nat. Clim. Change 9, 84–87 (2019).
Grimm, N. B., Cook, Elizabeth M., Hale, Rebecca L. & Iwaniec, David M. A broader framing of ecosystem services in cities. in The Routledge Handbook of Urbanization and Global Environmental Change (eds Karen C. Seto, William D. Solecki and Corrie A.) Griffith (Routledge, 2015).
Hobbie, S. E. & Grimm, N. B. Nature-based approaches to managing climate change impacts in cities. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 375, 20190124 (2020).
Shandas, V., Matsler, A. M., Caughman, L. & Harris, A. Towards the implementation of green stormwater infrastructure: perspectives from municipal managers in the Pacific Northwest. J. Environ. Plan. Manag. 63, 959–980 (2020).
World Water Development Report 2018. UN-Water https://www.unwater.org/publications/world-water-development-report-2018.
Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services. https://zenodo.org/record/3553579 (2019).
Global Center on Adaptation. State and Trends in Adaptation Reports 2021 and 2022: Executive Summaries and Syntheses. https://gca.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/GCA_State-and-Trends-in-Adaptation-2022_Fullreport.pdf (2022).
McPhillips, L. E. & Matsler, A. M. Temporal evolution of green stormwater infrastructure strategies in three US Cities. Front. Built Environ. 4, 1–14 (2018).
World Bank. World Bank https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/overview (2022).
Larsen, T. A., Hoffmann, S., Lüthi, C., Truffer, B. & Maurer, M. Emerging solutions to the water challenges of an urbanizing world. Science 352, 928–933 (2016).
Li, C. et al. Mechanisms and applications of green infrastructure practices for stormwater control: a review. J. Hydrol. 568, 626–637 (2019).
Santamouris, M. Cooling the cities—a review of reflective and green roof mitigation technologies to fight heat island and improve comfort in urban environments. Sol. Energy 103, 682–703 (2014).
Balany, F., Ng, A. W., Muttil, N., Muthukumaran, S. & Wong, M. S. Green infrastructure as an urban heat island mitigation strategy—a review. Water 12, 3577 (2020).
Browder, G., Ozment, S., Rehberger Bescos, I., Gartner, T. & Lange, G.-M. Integrating Green and Gray. (Washington, DC: World Bank and World Resources Institute, 2019).
Chatzimentor, A., Apostolopoulou, E. & Mazaris, A. D. A review of green infrastructure research in Europe: challenges and opportunities. Landsc. Urban Plan. 198, 103775 (2020).
Filazzola, A., Shrestha, N. & MacIvor, J. S. The contribution of constructed green infrastructure to urban biodiversity: a synthesis and meta-analysis. J. Appl. Ecol. 56, 2131–2143 (2019).
Tzoulas, K. et al. Promoting ecosystem and human health in urban areas using Green Infrastructure: a literature review. Landsc. Urban Plan. 81, 167–178 (2007).
Byrnes, J. E. K. et al. Investigating the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality: challenges and solutions. Methods Ecol. Evol. 5, 111–124 (2014).
Almenar, J. B. et al. Nexus between nature-based solutions, ecosystem services and urban challenges. Land Use Policy 100, 104898 (2021).
Manning, P. et al. Redefining ecosystem multifunctionality. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2, 427–436 (2018).
Hölting, L., Beckmann, M., Volk, M. & Cord, A. F. Multifunctionality assessments—more than assessing multiple ecosystem functions and services? A quantitative literature review. Ecol. Indic. 103, 226–235 (2019).
Kabisch, N., Frantzeskaki, N. & Hansen, R. Principles for urban nature-based solutions. Ambio 51, 1388–1401 (2022).
Grădinaru, S. R. & Hersperger, A. M. Green infrastructure in strategic spatial plans: evidence from European urban regions.Urban For. Urban Green. 40, 17–28 (2019).
World Bank. Biodiversity, Climate Change, and Adaptation: Nature-Based Solutions from the World Bank Portfolio. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/6216 (2008).
Hansen, R. & Pauleit, S. From multifunctionality to multiple ecosystem services? A conceptual framework for multifunctionality in green infrastructure planning for urban areas. AMBIO 43, 516–529 (2014).
Grabowski, Z. J., McPhearson, T., Matsler, A. M., Groffman, P. & Pickett, S. T. What is green infrastructure? A study of definitions in US city planning. Front. Ecol. Environ. 20, 152–160 (2022).
Suppakittpaisarn, P., Jiang, X. & Sullivan, W. C. Green infrastructure, green stormwater infrastructure, and human health: a review. Curr. Landsc. Ecol. Rep. 2, 96–110 (2017).
Joshi, P., Leitão, J. P., Maurer, M. & Bach, P. M. Not all SuDS are created equal: impact of different approaches on combined sewer overflows. Water Res. 191, 116780 (2021).
Venkataramanan, V. et al. A systematic review of the human health and social well-being outcomes of green infrastructure for stormwater and flood management. J. Environ. Manage. 246, 868–880 (2019).
Shafique, M., Xue, X. & Luo, X. An overview of carbon sequestration of green roofs in urban areas. Urban For. Urban Green 47, 126515 (2020).
Kavehei, E., Jenkins, G., Adame, F. & Lemckert, C. Carbon sequestration potential for mitigating the carbon footprint of green stormwater infrastructure. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 94, 1179–1191 (2018).
Parker, J. & Simpson, G. D. Public green infrastructure contributes to city livability: a systematic quantitative review. Land 7, 161 (2018).
Apfelbeck, B. et al. Designing wildlife-inclusive cities that support human-animal co-existence. Landsc. Urban Plan. 200, 103817 (2020).
Hansen, R., Olafsson, A. S., Van Der Jagt, A. P., Rall, E. & Pauleit, S. Planning multifunctional green infrastructure for compact cities: What is the state of practice? Ecol. Indic. 96, 99–110 (2019).
Pataki, D. E. et al. Coupling biogeochemical cycles in urban environments: ecosystem services, green solutions, and misconceptions. Front. Ecol. Environ. 9, 27–36 (2011).
Clark, C., Busiek, B. & Adriaens, P. Quantifying Thermal Impacts of Green Infrastructure: Review and Gaps. 69–77 (Water Environment Federation, 2010).
Tsoka, S., Tsikaloudaki, A. & Theodosiou, T. Analyzing the ENVI-met microclimate model’s performance and assessing cool materials and urban vegetation applications–a review. Sustain. Cities Soc. 43, 55–76 (2018).
Wood, E. M. & Esaian, S. The importance of street trees to urban avifauna. Ecol. Appl. 30, e02149 (2020).
Liu, J. & Slik, F. Are street trees friendly to biodiversity? Landsc. Urban Plan. 218, 104304 (2022).
Sayer, C. D. Conservation of aquatic landscapes: ponds, lakes, and rivers as integrated systems.Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Water 1, 573–585 (2014).
Davis, A. P., Hunt, W. F. & Traver, R. G. Green Stormwater Infrastructure Fundamentals and Design. (John Wiley & Sons, 2022).
Probst, N., Bach, P. M., Cook, L. M., Maurer, M. & Leitão, J. P. Blue Green Systems for urban heat mitigation: mechanisms, effectiveness and research directions. Blue-Green Syst 4, 348–376 (2022).
Wickes, R., Zahnow, R., Taylor, M. & Piquero, A. R. Neighborhood structure, social capital, and community resilience: longitudinal evidence from the 2011 Brisbane Flood Disaster*: Neighborhood Structure, Social Capital, and Community Resilience. Soc. Sci. Q. 96, 330–353 (2015).
McPhearson, T. et al. A social-ecological-technological systems framework for urban ecosystem services. One Earth 5, 505–518 (2022).
Liu, L. & Jensen, M. B. Green infrastructure for sustainable urban water management: practices of five forerunner cities. Cities 74, 126–133 (2018).
SR 814.20 – Federal Act of 24 January 1991 on the Protection of Waters (Waters Protection Act, WPA). https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/1992/1860_1860_1860/en.
Wadzuk, B., Gile, B., Smith, V., Ebrahimian, A. & Traver, R. Call for a dynamic approach to GSI maintenance. J. Sustain. Water Built Environ. 7, 02521001 (2021).
Zuniga-Teran, A. A., Gerlak, A. K., Mayer, B., Evans, T. P. & Lansey, K. E. Urban resilience and green infrastructure systems: towards a multidimensional evaluation. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain 44, 42–47 (2020).
Gaffin, S. R., Rosenzweig, C. & Kong, A. Y. Y. Adapting to climate change through urban green infrastructure. Nat. Clim. Change 2, 704–704 (634843008000000000).
Aronson, M. F. et al. Biodiversity in the city: key challenges for urban green space management. Front. Ecol. Environ. 15, 189–196 (2017).
Shi, L. Beyond flood risk reduction: how can green infrastructure advance both social justice and regional impact? Socio-Ecol. Pract. Res. 2, 311–320 (2020).
Childers, D. L. et al. Urban Ecological Infrastructure: an inclusive concept for the non-built urban environment. Elem. Sci. Anthr. 7, 46 (2019).
US EPA. What is green infrastructure? https://www.epa.gov/green-infrastructure/what-green-infrastructure (2015).
Nguyen, T. T. et al. Implementation of a specific urban water management—sponge city. Sci. Total Environ. 652, 147–162 (2019).
Fletcher, T. D. et al. SUDS, LID, BMPs, WSUD and more—the evolution and application of terminology surrounding urban drainage. Urban Water J. 12, 525–542 (2015).
Taguchi, V. J. et al. It is not easy being green: Recognizing unintended consequences of green stormwater infrastructure. Water 12, 522 (2020).
Bertram, C. & Rehdanz, K. The role of urban green space for human well-being. Ecol. Econ. 120, 139–152 (2015).
Haaland, C. & van den Bosch, C. K. Challenges and strategies for urban green-space planning in cities undergoing densification: a review. Urban For. Urban Green 14, 760–771 (2015).
Lepczyk, C. A. et al. Biodiversity in the city: fundamental questions for understanding the ecology of urban green spaces for biodiversity conservation. BioScience 67, 799–807 (2017).
Haase, D. et al. A quantitative review of urban ecosystem service assessments: concepts, models, and implementation. AMBIO 43, 413–433 (2014).
Díaz, S. et al. Assessing nature’s contributions to people. Science 359, 270–272 (2018).
Stovin, V. & Ashley, R. SuDS/BMPs/WSUD/SCMs: convergence to a blue-green infrastructure. Urban Water J 16, 403–403 (2019).
Brzoska, P. & Spāģe, A. From city- to site-dimension: assessing the urban ecosystem services of different types of green infrastructure. Land 9, 150 (2020).
Eggermont, H. et al. Nature-based solutions: new influence for environmental management and research in Europe. GAIA-Ecol. Perspect. ci. Soc. 24, 243–248 (2015).
Lovell, S. T. & Taylor, J. R. Supplying urban ecosystem services through multifunctional green infrastructure in the United States. Landsc. Ecol. 28, 1447–1463 (2013).
Liu, Y. et al. A review on effectiveness of best management practices in improving hydrology and water quality: needs and opportunities. Sci. Total Environ. 601–602, 580–593 (2017).
Petsinaris, F., Baroni, L. & Georgi, B. Grow-Green compendium of nature-based solutions to address climate and water-related problems in European cities. (Climate-ADAPT, 2020).
Pauleit, S. et al. Advancing urban green infrastructure in Europe: outcomes and reflections from the GREEN SURGE project. Urban For. Urban Green. 40, 4–16 (2019).
Haines-Young, R. & Potschin, M. The links between biodiversity, ecosystem services and human well-being. Ecosyst. Ecol. New Synth. 1, 110–139 (2010).
Wang, J., Liu, J., Wang, H. & Mei, C. Approaches to multi-objective optimization and assessment of green infrastructure and their multi-functional effectiveness: a review. Water 12, 2714 (2020).
Guo, R.-Z., Song, Y.-B. & Dong, M. Progress and prospects of ecosystem disservices: an updated literature review. Sustainability 14, 10396 (2022).
Veerkamp, C. J. et al. A review of studies assessing ecosystem services provided by urban green and blue infrastructure. Ecosyst. Serv. 52, 101367 (2021).
Schwarz, N. et al. Understanding biodiversity-ecosystem service relationships in urban areas: a comprehensive literature review. Ecosyst. Serv. 27, 161–171 (2017).
Andersson, E. et al. Enabling green and blue infrastructure to improve contributions to human well-being and equity in urban systems. BioScience 69, 566–574 (2019).
Andersson, E. et al. Scale and context dependence of ecosystem service providing units. Ecosyst. Serv. 12, 157–164 (2015).
Elliott, R. M. et al. Identifying linkages between urban green infrastructure and ecosystem services using an expert opinion methodology. Ambio 49, 569–583 (2020).
Depietri, Y. Planning for urban green infrastructure: addressing tradeoffs and synergies. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain. 54, 101148 (2022).
Egerer, M. et al. Urban change as an untapped opportunity for climate adaptation. Npj Urban Sustain. 1, 1–9 (2021).
Li, F. et al. Urban ecological infrastructure: an integrated network for ecosystem services and sustainable urban systems. J. Clean. Prod. 163, S12–S18 (2017).
Davies, C. & Lafortezza, R. Urban green infrastructure in Europe: is greenspace planning and policy compliant? Land Use Policy 69, 93–101 (2017).
Bai, X. et al. Six research priorities for cities and climate change. Nature 555, 23–25 (2018).
Choat, B. et al. A call to record stormwater control functions and to share network data. J. Sustain. Water Built Environ. 8, 02521005 (2022).
Cuthbert, M. O., Rau, G., Ekström, M., O’Carroll, D. & Bates, A. Global climate-driven trade-offs between the water retention and cooling benefits of urban greening. Nat. Commun. 13, 518 (2022).
Prudencio, L. & Null, S. E. Stormwater management and ecosystem services: a review. Environ. Res. Lett. 13, 033002 (2018).
Raymond, C. M. et al. A framework for assessing and implementing the co-benefits of nature-based solutions in urban areas. Environ. Sci. Policy 77, 15–24 (2017).
Krieger, J. & Grubert, E. Life-cycle costing for distributed stormwater control measures on the gray-green continuum: a planning-level tool. J. Sustain. Water Built Environ 7, 04020019 (2021).
Mell, I. C. Aligning fragmented planning structures through a green infrastructure approach to urban development in the UK and USA. Urban For. Urban Green. 13, 612–620 (2014).
Kambites, C. & Owen, S. Renewed prospects for green infrastructure planning in the UK 1. Plan. Pract. Res. 21, 483–496 (2006).
Matsler, A. M., Miller, T. R. & Groffman, P. M. The eco-techno spectrum: exploring knowledge systems’ challenges in green infrastructure management. (2021).
Markolf, S. A. et al. Interdependent infrastructure as linked social, ecological, and technological systems (SETSs) to address lock‐in and enhance resilience. Earths Future 6, 1638–1659 (2018).
Milly, P. C. D. et al. Stationarity is dead: whither water management. Science 319, 573–574 (2008).
Chester, M. V., Underwood, B. S. & Samaras, C. Keeping infrastructure reliable under climate uncertainty. Nat. Clim. Change https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0741-0 (2020).
Gregory, R. et al. Structured Decision-Making: a Practical Guide to Environmental Management Choices. (John Wiley & Sons, 2012).
Belton, V. & Stewart, T. Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis: an Integrated Approach. (Springer Science & Business Media, 2002).
Schwartz, B. & Schwartz, B. The Paradox of Choice: Why More is Less. (Ecco New York, 2004).
Chester, M. V. & Allenby, B. Toward adaptive infrastructure: flexibility and agility in a non-stationarity age. Sustain. Resilient Infrastruct. 4, 173–191 (2019).
Cook, L. M. & Larsen, T. A. Towards a performance-based approach for multifunctional green roofs: an interdisciplinary review. Build. Environ. 188, 107489, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107489 (2020).
Minsker, B. et al. Progress and recommendations for advancing performance-based sustainable and resilient infrastructure design. J. Water Resour. Plan. Manag. 141, A4015006 (2015).
James, P. et al. Towards an integrated understanding of green space in the European built environment. Urban For. Urban Green. 8, 65–75 (2009).
Kabisch, N., Qureshi, S. & Haase, D. Human–environment interactions in urban green spaces—a systematic review of contemporary issues and prospects for future research. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 50, 25–34 (2015).