The Russian-born tech entrepreneur Pavel Durov has founded wildly popular social networks as well as a cryptocurrency, amassed a multibillion dollar fortune and locked horns with authorities in Russia and around the world.
Still a few months shy of his 40th birthday, the man once nicknamed the “Russian Zuckerberg” after the Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg now finds himself under arrest in France after being detained at a Paris airport this weekend.
The St Petersburg native shot to fame in Russia in his 20s after founding the VKontakte (VK) social network, which catered to the needs of Russian-language users and outgunned Facebook throughout the former USSR.
After disputes with the Russian authorities and ownership battles, he sold out of VKontakte and founded a new messaging service called Telegram, which rapidly gained traction but proved controversial with critics condemning an alleged lack of control on extreme content.
As these dramas raged, Durov remained a mercurial and at times mysterious figure, rarely giving interviews and restricting himself to sometimes enigmatic declarations on Telegram.
A self-avowed libertarian, Durov has championed confidentiality on the internet and encryption in messaging.
He has defiantly refused to allow the moderation of messages on Telegram, which permits users to post video, pictures and comments on “channels” that can be followed by anyone.
Durov, 39, was targeted in France by a warrant over offences alleged to have been conducted on Telegram, ranging from fraud to drug trafficking, cyberbullying and organised crime, including promoting terrorism and fraud.
Investigations have been entrusted to the cyber unit of the French gendarmerie and the national anti-fraud office. He was still in police custody on Sunday, according to two sources close to the case. He has not been charged with any offence.
In 2006, having graduated from the University of St Petersburg, Durov launched VK, attracting users even while its founder remained a shadowy figure.
In a stunt typical of his unpredictable behaviour, Durov in 2012 showered high-denomination notes on pedestrians from VK’s headquarters on top of a historic bookstore on St Petersburg’s Nevsky Prospekt.
During the anti-Putin protests that gripped Russia in early 2012, he also emerged as a hero of the liberal opposition by refusing to close down groups on the site dedicated to organising protest marches.
But after running into trouble with the Kremlin for refusing to hand over the personal data of users to the Russian security services (FSB), he sold his stake in the company and left Russia in 2014.
Durov resigned from VK with a typical flourish, posting a picture of dolphins and the slogan “So Long and Thanks for All the Fish”, a title in the Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy science fiction series.
He developed Telegram with his brother Nikolai while travelling from country to country and launched the service in 2013.
He settled in Dubai and obtained citizenship of the Caribbean island archipelago of Saint Kitts and Nevis, then, in August 2021, won French nationality after a low-profile procedure about which Paris remains highly discreet.
Meanwhile, Telegram enjoyed stratospheric success, presenting itself as a champion of individual freedoms, refusing “censorship” and protecting the confidentiality of its users.
The combination of usability and privacy made the app popular with pro-democracy protesters around the world, from Hong Kong and Iran to Belarus and Russia.
This rankled with authorities, especially in his home country and, in 2018, a Moscow court ordered the blocking of the service. But the imposition of the measure was shambolic and three days later, protesters bombarded the FSB headquarters with paper planes, the symbol of Telegram.
Since then, Russia has abandoned its efforts to block Telegram and the messaging service is used by the Russian government and the opposition, with some channels boasting several hundred thousand subscribers.
Telegram also plays a key role in Russia’s war against Ukraine, documented by bloggers from both sides who post their analyses and videos of the fighting.
Pro-Moscow channels run by “Z-bloggers” who back the war have proved hugely influential and are sometimes critical of Russian military strategy.
Durov eschews traditional media interviews but in April sat down with the ultra-conservative US journalist Tucker Carlson for an extensive discussion.
“[People] love the independence. They also love the privacy, the freedom, [there are] a lot of reasons why somebody would switch to Telegram,” Durov told Carlson.
Durov is also not shy of posting messages on his own Telegram channel, claiming to lead a solitary life, abstaining from meat, alcohol and even coffee. Always dressed in black, he cultivates a resemblance to the actor Keanu Reeves in the film Matrix.
In July, he boasted of being the biological father of more than 100 children thanks to his sperm donations in a dozen countries, describing this as a “civic duty” in an attitude to parenting that echoes that of a fellow tech mogul, the X and Tesla chief, Elon Musk.
According to Forbes magazine’s latest estimate, Durov’s fortune is $15.5bn (£11.7bn). But the value of toncoin, the cryptocurrency he created, has plummeted by more than 15% since the announcement of his arrest.
Telegram has long been in the sights of European judicial authorities over allegations it spreads conspiracy theories, and shared calls for murder. Durov, however, insists that he responds to every request to remove content calling for violence or murder.
Agence France-Presse contributed to this report